Refer to chapter 3 of the text for details on creating a reference list and citations.
Abbreviate, capitalize, and italicize journal names. AMA uses National Library of Medicine Journal abbreviations which can be found in PubMed’s Journals referenced in the NCBI Databases.
For electronic journals, provide the access date and URL (verify that the link still works as close as possible to publication).
Examples:
Print: Zoccali C, Maio R, Mallamaci F, Sesti G, Perticone F. Uric acid and endothelial dysfunction in essential hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17(5):1466-1471.
Electronic: Bland DK, Fankhanel Y, Langford E, et al. Intensive versus modified conventional control of blood glucose level in medical intensive care patients: a pilot study. Am J Crit Care. 2005;14(5):370-376. Accessed June 25, 2015. http://ajcc.aacnjournals.org/content/14/5/370.long.
Electronic with DOI: Kitajima TS, Kawashima SA, Watanabe Y. The conserved kinetochore protein shugoshin protects centromeric cohesion during meiosis. Nature. 2004;427(6974):510-517. doi:10.1038/nature02312.
Refer to chapter 3.12 for more detailed information.
Author(s) of chapter. Title of chapter. In: Editor(s), Title of Book. Edition number [if not the first edition]. Publisher’s name; Copyright year: inclusive pages. Accessed date [if using URL]. DOI or URL [if online]
Examples:
Print: Solensky R. Drug allergy: desensitization and treatment of reactions to antibiotics and aspirin. In: Lockey P, ed. Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 2004;585-606.
Electronic: Hemstreet, Brian A. Inflammatory Bowel Disease. In: DiPiro JT, Yee GC, Posey Michael, Haines, Stuart T., Nolin, Thomas, Ellingrod, Vicki eds. Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2020: chap 51. Accessed June 9, https://accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2577§ionid=219309811
Author(s) or Editor(s) Book Title. Edition number [if not the first edition]. Publisher’s name; Copyright year. Accessed date [if using URL]. DOI or URL [if online]. NOTE: Include all authors and editors when six or less. For more than six authors or editors, list first three followed by "et al".
Examples:
Print: Drake RL, Vogl W, Mitchell AWM, Gray H. Gray's Anatomy for Students. 4th ed. Elsevier; 2020.
Electronic: Agur, A, Dalley, AF. Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy, 15ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2021. Accessed October 4, 2021. https://meded-lwwhealthlibrary-com.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/book.aspx?bookid=2827
Refer to chapter 3.12 for more detailed information.
Author(s) surnames and initials (if given). Title of the specific item cited (if none is given, the name of the organization responsible for the site) Name of the web site. Date published. Updated date. Accessed date. URL (verify that the link still works as close as possible to publication).
Example
American Heart Association. Is vaping better than smoking? American Heart Association website. Updated October 18, 2018. Accessed April 15, 2020. https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-lifestyle/quitsmoking-tobacco/is-vaping-safer-than-smoking
With Author: Funk C & Parker K. Women and men in STEM often at odds over workplace equity. Pew Research Center Social & Demographic Trends website. http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2018/01/09/women-and-men-in-stem-often-at-odds-over-workplace-equity/. January 9, 2018. Accessed March 13, 2018.
Refer to chapter 3.15.3 for more detailed information.
Author(s) surnames and initials (if given). Title of the database. Publisher or database owner or host. Year of publication and/or version number. Date. Accessed date. URL (verify that the link still works as close as possible to publication).
Examples:
Jobson MD. Second-generation antipsychotic medications: pharmacology, administration, and side effects. Post TW, ed. UpToDate. UpToDate Inc. http://www.uptodate.com [database online]. Accessed January 02, 2017
Atorvastatin. Drugs. AccessPharmacy. McGraw-Hill Medical. Accessed June 11, 2021. https://accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com/drugs.aspx?gbosID=426477
Refer to chapter 3.15.8 for more detailed information.
Use journal style for articles and book style for monographs. Note: the dates published and updated won’t always be available.
Examples:
Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics. Older Americans 2020: key indicators of well-being. Accessed March 3, 2020. http://www.agingstats.gov
Dafney L, Gruber J. Does public insurance improve the efficiency of medical care? Medicaid expansions and child hospitalizations. National Bureau of Economic Research working paper 7555. Revised September 2002. Accessed February 26, 2004. doi:10.3386/w7555
Carpenter CS, McClellan CB, Rees DI. Economic conditions, illicit drug use, and substance use disorders in the United States. National Bureau of Economic Research working paper 22051. February 2016. Accessed March 3, 2016. http://www.nber.org/papers/w22051
Refer to chapter 3.15.5 for more detailed information.
Figure is used for graphs, diagrams and images (illustrations or photographs).
Figures should have a brief, but descriptive title.
A legend or caption is displayed below, or beside the figure to describe its contents.
Figures should be cited in consecutive numerical order in the text. (Figure1, Figure 2, Figure 3, etc.)
References to figures should include their respective numbers.
Examples:
_____________________________
Figure 1. Baby With Microcephaly
Illustration Depicting Head Size of Baby With Microcephaly
Patient participation and progress through the study are shown in figure 2.
____________________________________________________________________
Example of an image citation in a reference list:
Baby with microcephaly. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated February 18, 2020. Accessed July 8, 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html
Refer to chapter 4.2 for more detailed information.
A table displays information arranged in columns and rows and is used most commonly to present numerical data.
Example:
______________________________________________________________________________
Example of a table citation in a reference list:
Refer to chapter 4.1 for more detailed information.
Package Insert, patient information, and prescribing information are cited as follows:
Drug name. Package Insert. Manufacturer's name; year of publication.
Examples:
ZAVZPRET™. Package Insert. Pfizer; 2023.
Zithromax. Prescribing information. Pfizer; 2017.
Refer to chapter 3.13.6 for more detailed information.
Use In-Text citations when paraphrasing or using a direct quote.
Each reference should be cited within the text, tables, figures, or boxes in consecutive numerical order using superscript numerals.
If you cite the same reference multiple times in your text, you should use the same number each time.
Text Note Examples:
The largest lesion found in the first study2 was 10 cm.
As reported previously,1,3-8,19
The two largest studies to date included 26 patients2 and 18 patients3.
Refer to chapter 3.6 for more detailed information.
Example of a reference list used at the end of a text:
References